Outcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes - 1250 Words

1. Identify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes. The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditions. Not only were the wages of the workers being cut, the amount work of work given to the employees increased and the employer did not hire additional workers. This then caused railroad employees to respond by taking control of the rail yard switches, and blocking movement of trains. Throughout various cities such as Baltimore, Pittsburg, St. Louise, and Chicago, Violent acts began to occur. Many people died throughout the cities. The strike cause the country’s commerce to become paralyzed and pushed governors in different states to utilize militia mem bers to reopen rail traffic. This action also helped set the stage for violence that would occur later in the 1880s and 1890s. The Railroad Shop Workers Strike of 1922 affected everyone in the country. This strike occurred because of the pay cut of seven cents to the wages of the railroad workers. Approximately 400,000 rail shop workers from various unions were on strike because the cut was announced by the railroad labor board. WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Outcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes1164 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes.   The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditionsRead MoreAristotle s Virtue Ethics And Kant s Ethics Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative has two components: (1) universalizability and (2) treat others as ends in themselves (CITE). Kant’s ideology takes into consideration that all humans are rational beings and should be treated as such, but cannot be used as a means to an end (CITE). Imagine this scenario, there are two interchangeable railroad tracks integrated with a main railroad. The two railroad tracks together make a Y-intersection with the main railway, but onlyRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Nineteenth Century And The Succeeding Period887 Words   |  4 PagesTwo prominent eras of American History were the Gilded Age at the end of the nineteenth century and the succeeding period, the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age, also know as the Second Industrial Revolution, was a peak of high economic development with the rise of technological advancements in a free market environment, meaning that the economy was driven by self-interest instead of government authority. Besides its economic growth, the Gilded Age handle changes in social divisions. After the abolishmentRead MoreThe Duty Of The Man Of Wealth1663 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 82 24 Sept 2015 The Duty of the Man of Wealth: Two Perspectives on Men of Wealth I. Introduction A. Andrew Carnegie and Working People B. Perspective on Wealth and Living C. Gilded Age D. Thesis: The Gilded Age exchange between Andrew Carnegie and working people’s clarifies wealthy people condescending approach toward workers and their response. II. Major Responsibilities of Wealthy People A. Modest Living B. Social and Cultural Role ModelsRead MoreThe Man Of Wealth1622 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 82 24 Sept 2015 The Duty of the Man of Wealth: Two Perspectives on Men of Wealth I. Introduction A. Andrew Carnegie and Working People B. Perspective on Wealth and Living C. Gilded Age D. Thesis: The Gilded Age exchange between Andrew Carnegie and working people’s clarifies wealthy people condescending approach toward workers and their response. II. Major Responsibilities of Wealthy People A. Modest Living B. Social and Cultural Role ModelsRead MoreThe Importance Of Autocratic And Transformational Leadership Styles1736 Words   |  7 PagesPennsylvania railroad; the beginning of his business education. During his work at the railroad, Carnegie became informed in the railroad s techniques of crony capitalism Carnegie began investing in the railroad s iron and bridge suppliers, and then granting them ideal contracts in secret (Nasaw. D, 2007). Crony Capitalism is defined as a capitalist society as being based on the close relationships between businessmen and the state (Investopedia online). As an employee in the railroad industry,Read MoreThe Battle Of Bull Run1514 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst major battle of the Civil War. The Confederate reinforcements had time to arrive by railroad because the Union s forces were slow positioning themselves. Even though the Union and Confederate sides had about 18,000 troops in their first battle, they were not trained and they were led poorly. Th e outcome of this battle was a Confederate victory. The Union forces suffered a disorganized retreat of their troops. Union troops marched from the Federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a ConfederateRead MoreChapter 23-25 Notes for Ap Us History6413 Words   |  26 Pageshaving peace. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868. The Era of Good Stealings Jim Fisk and Jay Gould devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On Black Friday, September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves. Boss Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of asRead MoreCompare Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal with Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom. Who was more of a progressive?1872 Words   |  8 Pagesof a progressive than Wilson was. As a governor and the first president of the era, Roosevelt set a terrific example of what a president of this time should do. Progressing from bad, and implementing various reforms to do so defined the era. These two programs are comparable in the areas of antitrust, tariff, and labor reform. Though Wilson seemed to have many more acts in each category, mostly economic), he only acknowledged these few areas, unlike Roosevelt who acknowledged a whole array of areasRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans because of the texture of their hair. The Buffalo Soldiers lead a successful and effective military campaign, according to famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass â€Å"One black regi ment alone would be, in such a war, the full equal of two white ones.† Buffalo Soldiers were highly important in securing many battle victories throughout many different wars. One successful battle that the Buffalo Soldiers fought in was the Battle of Port Hudson. Port Hudson was one of the last remaining

Justin Bieber Free Essays

Never say Never was one of the most inspirational movies I’ve ever  seen, and i don’t think I’ll ever see one that beats it. Every day i hear hateful comments on Justin, things like † He’s gay† † He sounds like a girl† † he’s so fake† And all this stuff, haters can go ahead and hate, but if you actually took a second too stop the hating, and listen too the words that come out of Justin’s mouth, listen too his songs, watch his movie, I promise you’d see him from a whole new perspective. I always thought Justin Bieber was just some hot Canadian that had a good voice, but he’s so much more. We will write a custom essay sample on Justin Bieber or any similar topic only for you Order Now He’s given up so much for his fans, it’s unbelievable. He’d rather sing his heart out at a concert then lay down when he’s sick, he puts the people he loves first, and that’s all that should matter. You cant judge someone by looks, by voice, by one word you hear. To judge someone, you need too get too know them, understand what they’ve been through, understand all they’ve given up for others, understand how amazing and loving they truly are. Sometimes I get so upset when people try too talk down on him, and insult him, but they’re only ruining themselves, sure maybe a few people think its funny, but that’s your opinion, and I bet if you really listened too yourself, you’d be ashamed at how much you put down a kid who’s given up tons just for his fans, a kid who lives for the people he loves, a kid who doesn’t care what the haters say. He’s worked for this his whole life, This is his career, this is his dream, this is his everything. Money doesn’t matter, fame doesn’t matter, and he doesn’t let it get too his head. I’ve never had an inspiration before.. and You know how Justin inspires Michael Jackson, Usher, and all the others? Well I’m proud too say he inspires me. I have 3 dreams in my lifetime that I know if I hope and pray enough, they can come true. My most important dream is for my dad too quit drinking and fight his cancer and live the rest of his life without having too worry. My second most important dream is for my mom too stop smoking, her mom died in her early 50’s from emphazima, and my mom is the most important person in my life, and too see her die when I’m only 13, kills me inside. And my last dream†¦ that I promise too never give up on is too meet Justin, too actually talk too him, keep in touch with him, learn more about how good of a person he is.. And I will never give up on any of my dreams until I reach them, or until there’s no chance anymore. I pray for those 3 dreams every night before I go too sleep, and whats ment too be, will be. What happens, happens and sometimes no one can change that. He started out as a normal kid living in Canada, doing all the things normal kids do. He had normal friends, a normal family, a normal life. He gave all that up for this life, for these fans, to do what he loves, too make people happy. People think he just puts on an act for attention†¦ for more fame, but what do you get from that? Nothing, if you be truthful too yourself and give it all you got, you can do anything and that’s exactly what Never Say Never is about. A normal kid who knew he could do anything he put his heart too, he’s one in a million, he has a gift, and no one, no one  can take that away from him. He has the most amazing fans in the world, I’ve honestly never seen people so dedicated too a person, so loving towards a person, so caring about a person they’ve never even gotten the chance too talk too. We’ll always be there for him, through whatever, what he does with his life is up too him, and us belieber’s will be there with him every step of the way. Once a belieber, always a believer. How to cite Justin Bieber, Essay examples

Dayak History free essay sample

They burned down communities, picked fights with random people which later lead up to the â€Å"Sampit conflict†. This conflict was sparked due to political ruling of population and land. The Madurese came to Borneo in the 1930’s, they were part of a transmigration program that was made by the Dutch, and was continued by the Indonesian government. In the year 2000 the Madurese made up 21% of the central Kalimantan, where the Dayaks also resided. What really pissed off the Dayaks was the favoritism of the government in Madurese. The Indonesia government gave them control of many commercial industries, such as; logging mining and plantations. The feud between the two started small, with rumors of the Dayak burning down the homes of the Madurese people. It’s been said, that the Madurese would capture Dayak people, and torture them until they died. In retribution the Dayaks would go and burn their houses down and it would just go back and forth. We will write a custom essay sample on Dayak History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes fights start when you run into to someone from the opposite side, or making a bet on a local cock fight, any type of gambling, and not being able to pay it back. The Last major conflict between these two was on December 1996- January 1997 where there were more than 600 deaths. The Dayaks are headhunters, they decapitated over 100 people during this conflict. They always like to carry around a small sharp knife that was concealed, because they didn’t know when another attack might occur. If someone were to spot you and recognize you from the opposing side, you would need protection. Most of the time, the feuds would just start small and just grow into an all out war. The fighting became so big, that the local police and military had trouble containing the situation. Reinforcements were sent in to help existing personnel in the province. â€Å"On February 18, the Dayaks assumed control over Sampit. Police arrested a local official believed to have been one of the masterminds behind the attacks. The masterminds are suspected of paying six men to provoke the riot in Sampit. The police also arrested a number of rioters following the initial murder spree. Later, on February 21, thousands of Dayaks surrounded a police station in Palangkaraya demanding the release of detainees. By, February 28, the military had managed to clear the Dayaks off the streets. â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sampit_conflict† All of the fighting was later restored by the Indonesian military. Obviously the Madurese had been protected by the government. They were forced to move from their land due to the overcrowding population. They were helped by the government. In this case the conflict was over occupation and use of land. The Dayaks felt that they were threate ned, because these migrants are receiving control of the mining, logging, and plantations. The Indonesian government had made new laws that favored the Madurese, and the Dayaks were furious. A dangerous element of the Dayaks was their reputation for head-hunting. They are known to be Great warriors that decapitate heads of people who opposed them, and they did just that to the Madurese. But unfortunately for the Dayaks, political system and military are keeping things under control. The Dayaks have the own religion called Kharingan, and may be said to be a form of animism. You can also call it a type of Hinduism. Over the Last two centuries it seems that some of the Dayaks have converted to either Islam or Christianity. With converting to Islam they abandon all their cultural rights and practices. Christianity was introduced by European American missionaries, and created a social bulwark against the spread of Islam. Researchers show that the ones that are carrying on the Dayak’s original religion called Kharingan are the missionaries. With this group of people, it seems that religion is not a big conflict here. Yes many people have been converting, but it hasn’t had any major effect people. In some occasion’s I’ve mentioned when converting to Islam, they would have to abandon all their cultural rights and practices so they can pursue new ones. The Military and police played a critical role in trying to maintain some peace. They were there to break up most of the scuffles. They played a key part in the sampit, where tons of Dayaks were rebelling to free some of their people that were put in jail. The Dayaks have had their share or warfare. The Sampit was one with the Madurese, and the other instance was with the Japanese during world war two. When the Japanese were killing, murdering and executing Dayak people. They formed a special force to help the allied forces. There were eleven United States airmen and two Australian special operatives who trained over a thousand Dayaks in guerilla warfare to help battle the Japanese. This army killed or captured 1,500 Japanese soldiers and was able to provide the Allies with Intel. It goes to show you how the Dayak value their land. Anyone that is occupying it will be the enemy. The Dayak are fierce warriors that fight only for themselves. They are part of the Indonesian colony. Where they will defend what’s theirs at any expense. I believe that this group would like to become politically independent. Sad to say, due to the power of the Dutch colonial rule there is going to be no way that this happens. Not yet. The Dutch Control too much. They have a big military, something that the Dayak do not have. From what I’ve read the Dayak it doesn’t seem that they want to take over the nation state. It seems as if they were contempt with what they have. They are just really territorial people that don’t like others on their land. The policies of the state go against the Dayak, because the Indonesian government passed laws that helped out the migrants. The Dayak’s have multiple tribes. Different groups are going to share similar cultural traditions but not all. They are all very similar when it comes to tradition. But, when it comes to religion they are all different. Muslim, Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism is spread out thought the different tribes within the Dayak. In the end, the Dayak are just looking out for whats best for their people. They are very stubborn, and I wouldn’t want to start any kind of warfare with them. It was a massacre at the â€Å"sampit† the killed hundreds of people for occupying their land. But it’s all for the good of their people.

Lady Gaga Case Studyanalysis free essay sample

Lady Sagas eccentric attire and attitude had captured the attention of many fans. Sagas (3) hit songs had captured the imagination of many. ; Producer Vincent Herbert signed Lady Gaga to fame. Famous producer of Streamline Records; Vincent Herbert approached Lady Gaga and ad her sign on.Being under Herbert production company she had (3) hit songs under The Fame album. Lady Gaga had been capturing the Imagination of many fans with her eccentric style, make up, and music. Weaknesses: experience that many of the other music artists had. ; Lady Gaga had only streamlined and toured the club scene not giving her the exposure she needed in front of the bigger crowds. On October 2008 she opened up for the all boy band known as New Kids on the Block, her experience was very minimal because she had no real concert exposure to really bring her name out and playing in front of the big rowdy of+/- ask fans. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Gaga Case Studyanalysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of Lady Sagas exposure was mainly performing in the night club scene. Opportunities: Social Media Marketing: Backbone Twitter Lady Gaga manages her own (Backbone and Twitter) accounts. This is to ensure that whatever information gets inputted is by her only and no one else. I believe this is how she keeps track of quality control. O Should Lady Gaga continue in utilizing the social media it would only be to her benefit on creating a stronger fan base and so those that are worthy followers continue to follow her whether it is on an everyday, eek or monthly basis. Digital Marketing: Lady Gaga has a digital marketing team who is responsible in making sure that her content is being promoted by other forms of media. Threats: Other Artists: Lady Gaga would have to compete against some of those artists who have attracted and developed a large fan base in the music industry. ; Being a new up and coming artist she would have to differentiate herself from all of the other music artists who have already been established and have fans following them. ; The Compact Disc market has declined due to other ways and means that one can attain now a days.These days one can easily download a song or an album depending on Nat their preference may be. Lady Gaga has developed and created her own image and brand that has completely s et her apart from all other artists. Performing solo without Kenya West is probably a DOD idea for her to get all the attention that will be needed to kick off her career and giving her a place to compete with the big name artists. Lady Gaga is a well-known name and has a very strong way it positions itself in the target market.Her live performance of Paparazzi was ended with a standing ovation from the audience. The performance at the VIM awards sent her to the next level according to Campbell. Lady Sagas production and management team was deliberating Neither to take the plunge into the 25 concert tour that was originally scheduled En Kenya West was the main star but after the stunt he pulled at the awards that automatically put a haul to the producers in the business and possibly affecting Lady Sagas rise to stardom.Option 2: Develop a smaller, theater tour and adjust the economics accordingly o An option that the production and management team for Lady Gaga may want to sibyl look into may be performing for a venue not as large as the one they previously had in mind going on tour with Kenya West. I know they want to be as conservative as much as possible but feel they need to take that risk and Jump into it big if they want her to hit stardom quicker than ever. If she was making positive progress performing in the club scene put yourself in her shoes and imagine what could happen if she is unleashed into a bigger audience.While Lady Gaga is a hot item right now then you need to keep it going while it lasts. Option 3: Cancel any tour plans I do not think that canceling the tour is a positive way for Lady Gaga to move forward in. Lady Gaga had Just won Best New Artist, Best Special Effects, and Best Art Direction; so all of this is currently fresh on the peoples mind and believe that continuing the tour alone is in her best interest. If she does not continue on with the tour it may possibly hinder her career being that this may be the only one shot she may be ever getting. Tryingly feel that it is in the best interest for the production and management team o move forward with the solo tour. Should her team decide in moving forward with this I think this will be great timing for her name to branch out even more and make stronger name for hers elf in the music industry. Her production and management team needs to understand that she has Just won Best New Artist, Best Special Effects, and Best Art Direction and all of these should help her position herself strategically in all areas that she will be performing in for her tour. This timing is perfect for her to make a strong name for herself.

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Assignment Topic: RIVERINE FOTRESTS OF SINDH Submitted By: Class: Semester: Roll Number: ASHFAQ AHMED RAJPUT MSc. (Previous) Second (2nd) Semester 2K11/ENS/O7 SUBMITTED TO TEACHER: SIR SAEED AKHTAR ABRO 1 Contents FORESTS OF SINDH: Type of Forests in Sindh Riverine Forests History of Riverine Forests Features of Riverine Ecosystem Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Management Plans REFERENCE: 3 5 5 6 8 8 9 16 20 2 FORESTS OF SINDH: Forest is a valuable resource which contributes significantly to economy and provides environmental stability, regional climate stability, regulates rainfall patterns and reduces sedimentation load in our rivers. The environmental pollution and climate change have become burning issue throughout the world and natural and human made disasters such as land erosion, flooding, agriculture, urbanization, unemployment (theft due to poverty), drought and global warming, have contributed to deforestation. The forests of Sindh since independence (1947) have undergone a considerable change in its resources. The forests of Sindh before World War-II were totally stocked. But due to extreme wartime stress and greater utilization of forest; were cause of reduction of natural resources. Sindh province occupies 14. 09 million ha of the lower Indus plain. Agriculture, forestry and pasture are three main land uses in the province. The Indus River traverse through Sindh like a mid-rib covering 865kms, from Guddu Barrage to Arabian Sea and is the only source of water for irrigation, forestry and human consumption. Riverine tract and delta formed by River Indus occupies a special significance in economy and ecology of Sindh province. Agricultural expansion and subsequent industrial development has brought significant economic growth in the country over a period of time. But at the same time construction of irrigation development structures at the upper streams of river Indus and its tributaries for storage and diversion of water for agricultural use and power generation has reduced intensity and frequency of floods in lower Indus basin. The total land area of the province is 14. 09 million ha (34. 82 million acres) which forms 17. 7 per cent of the entire country. It constitutes the lower part of the Indus Valley (Basin), widely considered in the world as the cradle of civilization. The province has 3 distinct physical regions- the alluvial plain located in the center, the rocky region in west, and the sandy desert in the east. Each region is described separately as under: 1. Central Alluvial Region The central region is a fertile alluvial plain through which flows the Indus River. The total area of this region is 8. 5 million ha that includes 0. 86 million ha riverine tract (Panhwar, 2004). Three barrages have been constructed on the Indus River to divert river water for canal irrigation system emerging from these barrages. The main land use of this region is agriculture which is irrigated through one of the world’s most extensive and integrated irrigation network. The topography is flat with a gradient of 12 cm per kilometer from north 3 towards sea in the south. Out of total area of riverine tract, about 0. 24 million ha is under riverine forests, 0. 41 million ha is privately owned (Kabuli) land, 0. 16 million ha river bed, depressions (dhoras) and mud flats/sand bars and the remaining about 0. 4 million ha are either under villages, graveyards or unculturable wasteland (Panhwar, 2004). With the construction of barrages on river, the kacho area is divided in following three zones: Area between Guddu and Sukkur barrages Area between Sukkur and Kotri barrages Area between Kotri barrage to mouth of Indus river The ecological features, biodiversity and socio-ec onomic conditions of the above areas are dependent on water regime and make up three different subecosystems with varying characteristics and distinct environments. . Eastern Sandy Region All along the eastern side of the province flanking the central alluvial region, lies the sandy desert popularly known as â€Å"Thar Desert locally called Registan† This sandy region forms the western part of Great Indian Desert. The total area of this region is 3. 39 million ha (8. 38 million acres), which is further divided into Thar and Nara regions. The topography of the region is undulating with varying sizes of sand dunes. Rainfall is scanty and erratic and underground water is generally brackish. Small areas along ridges and narrow valleys are cultivated by rainwater during monsoon period. The economy of Thar Desert is pastoral and the main land use is grazing. The dry weather, brackish ground water coupled with harsh and severs climatic conditions is unfavorable for growing crops, vegetation propagation or livestock rearing. 3. Western Hilly Region The western hilly region locally called as â€Å"Kohistan† is a part of the long Khirthar mountain range formation. This region occupies 2. 30 million ha (5. 4 million acres) constituting 15. 6 percent of total land area of the province. Ecologically it is categorized as a tropical sub-mountainous zone. Like sandy desert region, dry conditions prevail in this area resulting in similar living conditions. After agriculture, forestry is the other major land-use in centrally located plains. The Sindh Forest Department, manages 8% of the province of which only 2. 3% contain productive forests. Table gives the details of forest t ypes and respective areas. 4 Type of Forests in Sindh Type Productive Forests Riverine Forests * Irrigated Plantations Sub-total Protective Forests Mangrove Forests Rangelands Sub-total Total Area (in million acres) 0. 6 0. 2 0. 8 0. 85 1. 13 1. 98 2. 78 % of Total Land Area 1. 7% 0. 57% 2. 3% 2. 45% 3. 25% 5. 7% 8% Riverine Forests To protect the hinterlands from flooding, earthen embankments were erected on both sides of the River Indus 5 to 20 km apart during 1860 to 1960.. They are one of the important components of riverine belt and owe their existence to the uncontrolled flooding/inundation of Indus River. Riverine forests spread over 0. 6 m acres (0. 24 m ha) are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh and entirely depend on the inundation waters received during monsoon season. All forestry operations are dependent on inundation supplies. The predominant species of Riverine forests are Acacia nilotica (Babul, Prosopis cineraria (Kandi), Tamarix aphylla (Lawa), Tamarix dioca (Lai) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) confined to well drain high silt containing stabilized kacho areas. Mesquite growth has invaded high lying areas which is quite useful for fuelwood and charcoal making. Irrigated Plantations After construction of bunds (earthen embankments) along both sides of Indus River, 81,200 ha of Riverine forest were rendered as inland forests and with the construction of three barrages on Indus River for diverting river water for agriculture, canal water was allocated for many inland forests for converting these in to Irrigated Plantations. Inland forests falling in the command of each barrage are as under: 1. Guddu Barrage command area = 0. 02 million ha (0. 05 million acres) 2. Sukkur Barrage command area = 0. 04 million ha (0. 09 million acres) 3. Kotri Barrage command area = 0. 03 million ha (0. 7 million acres) Total 0. 08 million ha (0. 20 million acres) 5 The concept of irrigated forestry was introduced during the British Rule with an objective of supplying firewood to railways, steam boats and ships and fuel wood for military cantonments in the territory of Sindh then part of Bombay Presidency Species such as Acacia nilotica (Babul), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Salmalia malabaricum (Simal) were planted in these plantations in varying proportions during different times under different conditions. History of Riverine Forests Prior to the British conquest of Sindh, the annual inundations were practically unchecked throughout central alluvial plain of the Province. The forest growth covered all the land wherever water reached. Later on people cut forests, made temporary settlements and cultivated crops wherever they chose and were thus responsible for the separation of the wooded area into the patches and blocks which to a large extent characterizes the riverine tract today. Some of the riverine forests were reserved by the Mirs for purposes of the shikar (hunting), strictly protected under game laws and mud walls were erected around these confined areas. These game preserves (shikargahs) became the nucleus of the present day forests after the conquest of Sindh by British in 1843. There is no record that when shikargahs were demarcated as forests, but in the year 1847 Major Scott was appointed the first Forest Ranger in Sindh. He was followed by Captain Crawford, Dr. Stocks the botanist, Captain Hamilton, and Mr. Dalzell another celebrated botanist. These two rangers demarcated all the shikargahs by erecting boundary marks. The occupation of Sindh by the British brought the ownership of land to the Crown. The proclamation of Imperial Monarchy in 1858 through Queen’s declaration ushered in the British colonial outlook over Sindh as with other places in British India. The rich shikargahs and Moharies (Private shikargahs) were taken over for commercial exploitation for the production of firewood for flotillas. In 1861, Mr. Fenner was made in-charge of the forests. In 1862 the Forest Department was created and forests were transferred to the Forest Department from railway companies. General application of the Indian Forest Act in 1863, defined the procedure for declaration of certain lands as legally constituted forests. In 1906, the Sindh Forest Department consisted of a Deputy Conservator of Forests in charge, responsible to the Commissioner in Sindh, and 4 officers’ incharge of divisions and one Superintendent of Forest Contour Surveys. Of this four, one officer was from the Imperial Forest Service and the rest were Extra Assistant Conservators of the Provincial Branch. There were 5 Rangers and 19 Foresters in charge of Ranges, of whom only 4 Rangers and 5 Foresters were trained from Forest Schools in Poona and Dehra Dun. There were 352 Forest Guards in charge of beats and depots (Aitken. E. H. 1907). Prior to the conquest of Sindh by the British to 1860-61 nothing is known of the system under which these forests were managed, as no administration reports 6 are available for that period. However, these woodlands were being administered by local rulers and local communities for hunting and local wood consumption. The management from 1860 to 1895 also does not appear to have been based on any preconceived plan of harvesting and reproduction. Forests were exploited as convenient to meet the local demand from the population, Indus Flotilla Company, and subsequently for the state railway when railway took the place of steam boat navigation. In earlier days, the methods of disposal adopted were the royalty and share systems, which were later substituted by departmental working. Departmental working continued up to 1901, when the system of selling coupes by tender or by auction was introduced. The first attempts at systematic management were made during the period 1875 to 1895. The main features were â€Å"rotational cutting† and â€Å"sustained yield†. Even those attempts were sporadic, as forests continued to be worked in parts within easy reach of the railway and the river. In 1891 Mr. Hexton introduced some slight change in the working system; but both these plans had no advantage to the forests as prescriptions of the plans were not followed. The objective of introduction of systematic working was to produce fuel wood on sustained basis for Indus Flotilla Company and North Western Railway, which required a very large amount of wood fuel and to collect as much revenue as possible, without any consideration for improvement and conservation of forests. Systematic management commenced from 1896, when Mr. Desai obtained Government sanction for preparation of working plans under Forest Code. Main features were clear felling in equal adjacent areas under a rotation of 30 years for babul and 10 years for kandi and lai. Regeneration was proposed by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan was followed up to 1900- 01, when first regular plan prepared by Mr. A. C. Robinson was sanctioned and put into force. Under Mr. Robinson’s plan, forests were mainly worked for the production of fuel wood. The method adopted was clear felling on equal adjacent areas on a rotation of 30 years. In a few forests the rotation was fixed at 20 years. For timber, babul was reserved irrespective of its girth, age or condition. Regeneration was to be by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan remained in force up to 1917-18 and revised by Mr. D. L. Nawani for 1918 to1930 which was subsequently revised/written by Mr. C. G. Abichandani for the period 1936 to 1955-56 (for Sukkur, Shikarpur and Larkana districts). Three others plans for Hyderabad, Jherk and Naushahro were also brought into force in 1901, 1902 and 1908 respectively. Subsequently, the working plans for Lower Sindh were also re-written for the period up to 194950. Since, the chief demand for wood was fuel particularly for railway, no provision was kept in the Plans for growing timbre trees, although railway had switched over coal and timber demand had arisen from the Gun Carriage Factory and expanding local market for large size babul (Gazetteer of Sindh, 1906). Present Management of Riverine Forests 7 The object of management in these forests has been to generate/regenerate Acacia nilotica which is the most suitable tree species with short rotation period and high economic value. Acacia nilotica takes a longer time to grow or regenerate in its natural succession as it follows a growth cycle which is preceded by Tamarix (Lai), Saccharum (Kana) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) growth. Acacia nilotica regenerates when favourable conditions and new soil formation are created in the riverine tract. In order to hasten the process and grow Acacia in a shorter period, broadcast sowing is done in muddy waters during recession of floods each year. Management practices have been simple and time tested. The forests areas on attaining rotation period are marked for clear felling in the form of 64 ha (one compartment) or smaller coupes for felling operations. Clear felled coupes/areas and newly stabilized kacha areas are regenerated after inundation recedes after peak flood season. The complete regeneration process has been dealt in this chapter in the description artificial regeneration in riverine forests. Features of Riverine Ecosystem Riverine Forests are a landscape having the soil, climate and set of organisms that make it a typical forest ecosystem. In this complex ecosystem, plants, animals, and microbial communities dominated by trees occur naturally or with artificial management/assistance. Following these forests provides variety of functions and is an assemblage of living organisms together with their nonliving environment. Total environment includes the climate, physical components of the soil and the topography (the non-living, or abiotic components of environment) and all the other organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) that help or hinder them, feed them or feed on them, protect them or are protected by them. Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem The main features of an ecosystem are: structure, function, complexity, biodiversity, interaction of components and tendency to change over time. Both the vertical and horizontal structures of the plant community are important ecosystem characteristics. Vertical structure refers to vertical layering of different types of trees/plants in the community whereas the horizontal structure refers to canopy levels of shrubs, herbs, microbes/moss available on the forest floor. Riverine ecosystems are natural biomass factory as they produce plant biomass, animal biomass, and microbial biomass. They produce energy from foliage and also capture chemical energy from solar system. Riverine forests are complex ecosystem as they are composed of many individual structural components that interact to determine ecosystem function. Riverine ecosystem is a pool of biodiversity of living organisms such as trees, shrubs, wildlife, insects, fish, cultivated crops, livestock etc. Their entire biotic and abiotic components are dependent upon each other. Any positive or negative impact/influence upon any component of the system results in 8 mbalances in the ecosystems function and productivity. Riverine ecosystem is not static but has a tendency to change with passage of time and natural and manmade influences creating disturbances. The ecosystem reverts back to its normalcy if external influences are minimized. ? Source of Timber and Fuel wood The riverine forests are the mainstay of forestry and a major source of timber and fuel wood particularly for mining timber in Sindh and Balochista n. For meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, greater emphasis has to be given to this cheap renewable energy resource. These forests in the past were extensive and very productive and been a source of fuel wood/charcoal to the Middle East countries and some towns in India besides meeting the needs of local population. ? Habitat for Wildlife The riverine forests have remained important habitats for wide range of mammals and reptiles notably the Hog deer (Axis porcinus) which has managed to survive in the shrinking riverine forests. This species is near extinction due to shrinking habitat, food scarcity, illegal hunting and expansion of agriculture in Kacho areas and needs to be protected. Besides, ild boars, partridges, Sand grouse, wolves, jackals, porcupines etc. also inhabit riverine forests. ? Environmental Amelioration The riverine Forests are a vital component of riverine land ecosystem that lessen the impact of diurnal temperatures, sequester CO2, and retain soil moisture. ? Livestock Grazing Riverine forests were used to be the major source of livestock grazing. The Babul pods and leaves are n utritious and favourable fodder particularly for goat and sheep. Besides, abundant grasses, wild herbs, shrubs, etc. growing after floods and rainfall are source of fodder for the livestock and wild animals. Minor Products There are several Dhands (Natural lakes) and Dhoras (abandoned river beds) in riverine areas, some of which store water round the year and are the source of fish and employment. In addition, these forests produce Honey, Gum, Lac, Medicinal herbs and bark for tannin. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Historically, the riverine ecosystem of Sindh was productive and economically viable, but the climatic changes, socio-economic pressures and disturbances 9 caused by natural and anthropogenic factors have significantly depleted and degraded this ecosystem. The ecosystem functions as a web or chain where the climatic and biotic factors function as its string (Stoszek, 1991). Any natural or artificial change in any factor disturbs the whole web. Higher the disturbance, the greater the complexity of interactions within the ecosystem results in a catastrophe. In this case, the most affected components of ecosystem are the living organisms. The factors described here are both natural and manmade but their extent has been exacerbated by the intentional and un-intentional activities of human beings. Main Degradation Factors and Consequences ? Population Pressure on Riverine Forests Sindh is the most populous and urbanized province of Pakistan. According to 1998 census, it accommodates 30. 4 million people with a density of 135 persons per sq. km. This population is 23% of country’s total population of which 48. 9% resides in urban areas. With the annual growth rate of 2. 8 percent, the projected population of the province will reach 43 million and 56 million in the years 2010 and 2020, respectively (IUCN, 2004). The dependence of 72% of population is upon agriculture which is mostly practices in central zone of the province. Hence, irrigated tract is thickly populated and has a direct pressure on riverine ecosystem. The degradation of riverine forests has accelerated mainly due to ever increasing population. Although all the components of riverine ecosystem have been affected due to population pressure, the trees are badly affected. Since the requirement of domestic fuel wood as well as livelihood needs is met from indiscriminate tree cutting, the entire ecosystem has been disturbed. People have also encroached upon forestland for agriculture purposes. The study reveals that more than 40,000 ha of riverine forests of Sindh have been encroached. The impact of this action has emerged in the form of overall degradation of the riverine ecosystem by destruction of wildlife habitat, disappearance of associated fauna and flora, reduction in gene pool, degradation of soil; change of micro climate and over all environment of the region. This has resulted in reducing the vertical and horizontal structures of riverine ecosystem. ? Goods Riverine forests produce and provide several goods such as wood (fuel wood and timber) , agriculture, livestock grazing, fodder, seed, medicinal plants, wildlife hunting etc. or meeting the local, regional and national consumption. ? Services Services include employment opportunities through forestry operations and agriculture practiced over forestlands. ? Climatic Factors 10 The vegetation is a function of soil, climate, parent material, topography, biota and time. Of these factors, climate is generally accepted as one of the major determinants of vegetation type (Kimmins, 1987). It influences the sui tability and productivity of tree species on a particular site and it affects every aspect of forest management from regeneration to harvesting. The main components of the climate discussed and analyzed are rainfall, temperature, wind, humidity and their interaction with respect to availability and duration of water for the growth and survival of riverine forests. All these factors have direct and or indirect influence on the occurrence and growth of different species in these forests. There has been a significant deterioration in Riverine ecosystem due to climatic factors over time. ? Rainfall The rainfall in Sindh is scanty and alone does not meet the moisture requirement of trees for their required growth. The rainfall data of the province indicates that its northern part receives almost half the quantity of rainfall than its southern part, which significantly influences the growth and development of riverine forests. The rainfall mostly occurs during the monsoon season i. e. from June to August. The rest of the year remains mostly dry and unfavorable for tree growth. Predominant species in the riverine forests is Accacia nilotica (Babul) which requires sufficient moisture and does not grow in harshly dry conditions. In the upstream Sukkur except for the low lying areas or areas in the immediate upstream of Sukkur barrage, Babul does not grow well and xerophytic Prosopis cineraria takes its place as dominant species and it is more conspicuous in the sites which are high lying and out of reach of normal inundation water. ? Temperature After rainfall, the periodical temperatures have influence and impact on overall climate of the lower Indus plain, which ultimately influences the riverine ecosystem in that area. From the temperature point of view Sindh has two distinct portions/ parts i. e. upper Sindh and the Lower Sindh. The meteorological data indicate that there is no significant difference in mean annual temperatures between two eco-zones, but there is significant difference in hot and cold seasons. This variation in temperature associated with other factors such as biotic, edaphic and socioeconomic considerations influence the composition, distribution, growth and establishment of flora and fauna in general and tree species in particular. Plants and tree species in riverine tract grow well in the temperature range of 23. 90 C to350 C (Troup, 1921). Hence, these areas are quite suitable for the growth and establishment of indigenous plant species. Effect of High Temperatures 11 The most common deleterious effects of high temperatures are the stimulation of the excessive respiration and the excessive loss of moisture (Kimmins, 1987). The effects of increased soil temperatures have significant influence on trees foliage of seedlings (regeneration areas) due to decreased soil moisture and the direct heat. Effects of Low Temperatures The ability of plants to withstand freezing temperature is a function of its genetic potential and environmental factors which tend to condition tissue for cold treatment (Steponkus, 1981). Babul, the predominant tree species of riverine forests is a frost tender species. Large areas of young seedlings in the newly regenerated sites in the forests and farmlands are damaged or even killed due to injuries caused by persistent frost bites. The damage is at times so severe that younger plantations of Babul die back to the ground (Sirhindi and Keerio, 1985). Late frost is also common in the upper region of Sindh. Frost is not of common occurrence below Kotri due to proximity of the Arabian Sea. ? Humidity and Wind Humidity and the wind are two important components of climate. Any change in the humidity ranges and wind velocity and directions, has influence over climatic pattern of that region. These two important factors also play a significant role in defining the climate of two ecological zones of Sindh. There is also significant difference in the climate of two ecological zones due to wind direction and velocity. In lower Sindh fast humid winds blow almost all time from May to September. It is entirely insignificant as upper Sindh ecological zone is less humid and wind velocity is low and constantly normal. These two important factors of climate humidity and wind velocity and direction play significant role in the composition of flora and fauna on these two distinct ecological zones As to their impact on tree growth and its establishment, these two aspects have great influence of their own as well as collectively and interactively. The interaction of humidity and wind with the rainfall and temperature constitute the climatic pattern of the two zones varying in every constituent aspect. There is also unmarked influence they impart on vegetation. One positive impact observed during the study was that the trees in height are taller and in girth sizeable and straight in the upstream ecological belt than that of trees found in down stream ecological belt. ? Water Distribution Issues and Impact on Riverine Forests Construction of Barrages and Dams on Indus The main source of water for the sustenance of riverine forests of Sindh is entirely dependent on summer inundations in Indus River. The extent of river water volumes, frequencies and occurrences of floods determines the water regime required for regeneration, enrichment and growth of vegetation and 12 related components of riverine ecosystem. Riverine forests are fast deteriorating after the construction of upstream reservoirs that have significantly reduced the intensity, extent, and frequency of annual flooding. Diversions on Indus River due to the installation of canals and link canals have further worsened the on spot situation. Due to excessive colonization brining more land under the plough, large quantities of the water is used for agricultural purpose and it has made it impossible to achieve the original Afforestation plan objective. The future development programmes of improving the depleted riverine forests is now entirely dependent on one specific need of availability of inundation water periodically for sustaining the vegetation of degraded forestlands. Assured water supplies for the riverine forests will only suffice for future viability and tentatively of tree growth in the lower Indus Basin. A separate share of water for the lifelong need of these forests has to be earmarked and given priority to save the entire riverine ecosystem and tree growth in particular. Impacts A study was carried by Sindh Forest department to assess the damage caused by this long persistent drought in Riverine forests. The parameters of the study were existing stock and annual regeneration stocks. ? Setback in the Execution of Regeneration Operations The long persistent drought conditions also accounted for failure to undertake regeneration/reforestation programs as per management plans in the riverine forest areas. Government Policies The Riverine Forests have also suffered immensely on account of the policies of the incumbent government and at the altar of these policies; great losses were caused to the principles which regulate the scientific management of the riverine forests. ? Illegal Allotments by the Revenue Department Revenue department has made several allotments of forest areas to loc al people under land grant policy. Recently, expert allotments of forest lands have been made by the Revenue Department to local people. Even such lands have been allotted which were in possession of the Forest Department for decades where well established growth existed and from where Forest Department has harvested its tree growth for more than two rotation cycles of 25 years each. This illegal action of the Revenue Department has encouraged many private parties to occupy the forest lands and has provided a tremendous setback to the riverine ecosystem. As reported by Sindh Forest department, more than 10,000 ha of forestland have been allotted to the local people by the Revenue Department. Reorganization of Forest Department 13 In the year 1973-74, the administrative set up of the Forest Department was reorganized from territorial to functional and two separate wings were created. The sale of standing tree growth to the forest contractors for regular felling operations were abolished and the department itself started functioning by carrying the regular felling operations in order to check the high handedness and ill egal cutting of the forests by the unscrupulous contractors. All operations required before and after harvesting were assigned to the officials working in functional group after reorganization of department. Forest material after cutting into required sizes was transported to depot through labor, where it was stacked and sold in open auction to the purchasers instead of auction of standing trees to the contractors. The Department was thus bifurcated into two different wings i. e. Afforestation and utilization wings. The existing divisions were reorganized and areas increased largely to two fold, only to be managed by the same field staff with of course lesser responsibilities. The department suffered adversely as the protection of the vast number of forests by almost the same staff of original division resulted in poor performance and inadequate protection of the forest areas. After the ostensible success for initial couple of years, the very objective of departmental felling was defeated as the quantities of harvested material rarely exceeded from the estimated volume after the stock enumeration of felling coupes. In the initial 2-3 years, easily accessible areas with quality class timber whose yield were 20-25% higher were extracted without following proper working plan or approved felling programme of the department. Adverse or Negative Impact of Re-organization on Riverine Forests In order to justify new system of departmental working of harvesting the trees, large areas were proposed for exploitation to achieve increases in the annual revenue targets without any consideration to the working plan prescriptions and scientific management. The areas with better Babul growth, and easily accessible were cut in order to show large gains and prove usefulness of the new system. Due to these actions vast blank areas were created due to large scale harvesting. Because of inadequate and erratic flooding and non-availability of funds the regeneration programmes could not keep pace with the excessive harvestings resulted in creation of large blank chunks inside the riverine forests. This was the time when the local people generally and politician articularly raised voices against the working of the department and proposed that the vast blank areas inside the forests be brought under food crops and agriculture in order to meet the ever increasing demands of rising population. The policy of the Forest Department to change over to work on a functional basis created several problems and brought criticisms from all over (where). This problem was not foreseen in proper perspective while taking decisions and it emerges as one of the ma in causes of degeneration of riverine ecosystem and the forestry cover in Sindh. Babul and Kandi, which are the dominant tree species have been adversely affected beyond repairs after the departmental 14 working on functional basis continued for several years without any considerations of annual possibilities of forests and other working plan prescriptions. ? Supply of Babul Timber for Railway Sleepers to Pakistan Railways and Cross Arms to WAPDA During this organizational setup, Sindh Forest Department took another decision of supplying railway sleepers and cross arms to Pakistan Railways and WAPDA, respectively. In order to meet their demand large size specially selected Babul trees were felled from the riverine forests without following the working plan prescriptions. This decision of the department produced negative impact on the riverine forests of Sindh particularly such areas that were near the towns and accessible through roads. ? Mismanagement of NR during Coalition and Weak Governments Mismanagement of forests including illicit cutting, encroachments etc. have been rampant during coalition government rule that followed Army control of the government. This has been significant from the years 1985 to 1988 and from 2000 to this day. Forests in general and riverine forests in particular have been put to great set back during this period. ? Forest Lease Policies Another setback received by the forestry resource, was that of changing polices regarding leases for agricultural purposes in the forest areas. This has become a political problem rather than an administrative. Due to land hunger for agricultural purposes and the fertile forest lands, there has been pressure from influential people for cultivation of agricultural crops on much relaxed terms during the last two decades. There have been many changes in the government policies on forest leases for cultivation dictated by the influential persons and politicians. How these changes have affected the tree resources in Sindh forests and what changes in policies from time to time have been brought about in the system is analyzed below: ? Edaphic Factors and Their Impact on Riverine Forests Fire Tree growth is not a fire-resistant and is often burnt by fire. Forest fires are common in areas which have luxuriant growth of grasses. It is sometimes started by villagers to promote fresh grasses which sprout when dry and coarse grass is burnt. Fires are also caused by people collecting honey (Sheikh, 1989). Since the adjoining lands have been converted into agricultural fields, the grazing pressure on remaining forestlands has increased Soil 15 Another factor affecting the growth and establishment of trees in riverine forests is the degradation of soil. Due to climatic and socio economic factors the productive capacity of some of the soils has been degenerated gradually affecting the reforestation and management practices in the riverine forests. ? Grazing Pressure on Riverine Forests In the riverine forests the main occupation of the population is livestock rearing. People rear livestock to obtain milk, meat, wool and other products. Cattle also provide draught power for ploughing the fields and transportation of produce from farms to the markets. People of Sindh are fond of rearing these livestock animals. It is hard to find a household in riverine areas without at least 5-25 livestock. All the wooded areas are heavily surrounded by livestock populations viz. goats, cows, sheep, buffaloes, and camels. Babul and Kandi being a favourite fodder for browse animals specially goats and camel, it remains always under excessive use injurious for forest growth. Law and Order Situation in Riverine Forests Wooded lands, especially the riverine forests have remained hideouts for the dacoits for decades. But this activity has gained momentum in the last decade to such an extent that not only the dacoits are using the wooded areas as their hideouts from the law enforcing agencies, but also abduction of innocent people for ransom has become a common practice. Even Forest Department personnel are not safe to move and perform duties freely in many areas. The situation is quite alarming in upper Sindh than that of lower Sindh. It has created several problems for the functionaries of the Forest Department and other departments concerning with law and order maintenance. The management operations in the riverine forests have been hampered to great extent. On the other hand due to the ineffectiveness of the forest personnel in some forests, the cases of unauthorized encroachments, cutting of trees and theft of wood have become common and uncontrollable which has played havoc with the protection of wooded area of riverine forests. Management Plans After a lapse of two decades, Forest Department prepared management plans for all its forests in 2001 for 10 years. As per prescription of the plans, several thousand new and harvested areas were to be planted in plan period. It was observed during the study that most of the areas have been harvested with planting of same and other new areas due to non-availability of flood water and other social problems. Hence, these plans need immediate revision to reassess the stocking and prepare new strategy. Development Recommendations 16 ? Establishment of Irrigated Plantations over Riverine Forestlands The major expenditure required for the establishment of irrigated plantations in Riverine tract is lifting of irrigation water and development / leveling of land. Therefore, propagation of forests through inundation is the most economic method for establishing forests in Riverine areas. The floods not only bring sweet water in abundance but also juvenile the soils by depositing the mineral rich silt on regular basis. Since the intensity and extent of inundations have reduced in recent years, it is therefore proposed that all the easily accessible medium level areas where sweet water through lifting is available and receive floods at an interval of 3-4 years shall be developed and managed as short rotation irrigated plantations. If these plantations receive inundation two times in the rotation of 6 years, substantial cost for lifting water is saved and land once developed will require less cost for subsequent plantings. To economize water in initial two years, planting shall be done on trench irrigation system instead of flood irrigation layout system. ? Development of Wood lots on Forest Margins/rims The principle of development in riverine forests should be to combine conservation with development. In order to decrease the pressure on riverine forests and restore their productivity, the farm forestry and participatory forestry should be popularized on the margins/boundaries of riverine forests to meet their domestic needs. Incentives shall be provided by the government to promote farm forestry on private lands and community based woodlots on state arable lands to meet their fuel wood needs. ? Participatory Extension Service Prior to devolution the extension/social forestry service was with the forest department wherein the social forestry wing was created to popularize forestry on the farmlands. At present extension service of the department has been devolved to local government where only raising of saplings in the nurseries is being done without any approach to the farming community or other target groups to grow trees in the agricultural systems. Both the above stated approaches were without integration of principles of natural and social dimensions in the forestry development. Hence, Forestry extension services be strengthened and reorganized in order to provide technical and material assistance to the farmers for the promotion of tree growth in riverine tract, marginal and wastelands through people’s participation. Research Recommendation Management based on sound research is always sustainable. Developing the foundation for ecosystem management will require not only sound research but the updated knowledge and understanding of how major ecosystems function; how they can support and tolerate human use, how policies and management 17 decisions affect resource use is imperative. Research is also an essential part of development activity as it guides the managers to amend/change management strategies and if necessary policies to manage the resource. During the course of this study it has been revealed that no research on any aspect of riverine forest resource/ecosystem has been carried out. Research on technical, biological, socio-economic and policy aspects is necessitated in order to raise the productivity of riverine species for meeting basic rural needs. Some recommendations are proposed as under: ? In riverine forest ecosystems the research should emphasize on studies, especially those that identify and analyze the causes of success and failure in forest development. Case studies are particularly needed in areas of community management, production, forest dependency, sustainable utilization, equity and benefit sharing in marketing aspects of forest resources. There is also need to develop case studies that describe and analyze the marketing channels from collectors/producers to consumers. ? Research should also be carried out on the impacts of water shortage on the forest resource particularly on biodiversity; ecosystem functions, and suggests measures to make the ecosystem functional and productive. Research on supply and demand of main forest products and nonwood forest resources currently and in the future is also required. ? Research on appropriate technologies for non-wood forest products their harvest, use and processing is also recommended. ? Surveys and analyses of the degree and extent of the subsistence and local use of forest products, marketing, comprehensive inventories and assessments should be conducted. ? Research is required to f ind out the economic rotation of all species of riverine forests particularly management of mesquite which is encroaching vast riverine areas and is the main source of woodfuel. Research trials for growing of suitable xerophytic species are conducted in riverine areas. Management Decisions ? Political Will No policy can be implemented until and unless there is a political will in the country. Hence, sound planning and policies can bring no result unless they are implemented in its true spirit. The cause of degeneration in recent past was that there was no political will to bring any change for the betterment of natural resource. ? Data Base 18 There is dearth of database pertaining to different factors affecting riverine forests such as ecological, social, economic, technical, biotic and edaphic in the region. Hence, for the future development a data bank should be created in the Forestry Department. ? Monitoring and Evaluation Organizational effectiveness through enhancing the monitoring and evaluation efforts to achieve departmental goals including ecosystem health and sustainability by expanding collaboration among researchers, scientists and practitioners is needed. Moreover, forest cover shall regularly be monitored using GIS. Execution of Agroforestry Policy Agroforestry lease policy which is one of the main tools for developing and managing riverine forests shall be Proper implementation of implemented in its real perspective in wherein, lease holders shall raise and maintain block plantation on required area and hand over the same to the department as per terms of the agreement. ? Industrial Plantations Forest Depa rtment shall earmark some of its high-lying areas for long term leasing to Industrialists for raising plantations to produce raw material for wood based industries. ? Law Order Situation Security and free movement are the basic requirement for any development and management. It is, therefore, essential to improve and maintain law and order situation and provide required assistance to Forest staff to enforce writ of law in vacating encroachments, implementing Agroforestry policy and check wood cutting in forests. ? Seed Bank Presently there is no seed bank in Forest Department. In years, when high inundations are received or in bad seed years, sufficient seed is not available to meet the seed requirement for meeting planting targets. It is, therefore, essential that a seed bank should be developed where large quantity of quality seeds is stored for planting, sowing and supply to farmers. ? Conservation Areas Prior to the construction of barrages and reservoirs, there were several contiguous blocks of luxuriant riverine forests all along Indus River. In present scenario very few such scattered patches could be found only upstream Sukkur. Hence it is proposed that some conservation areas be developed for research, study and to evaluate the effects of human use and habitation on the sustainability of ecosystems. Besides, areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector 19 planning and management should be coordinated. Areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector planning and management should be coordinated. Wilderness / Recreation Riverine ecosystem provides multiple benefits in the form of water, wood, wildlife, recreation, minerals, etc. If law and order situation is improved and security is provided to the civil society, riverine areas can be developed as fascinating recreation places for urban population that afford and need to get out of concrete jungles for some time. REFERENCE: ? foreverindus. org/pdf/riverine_forest%20updownstream2008. pdf ? scribd. com/doc/60469789/Habibullah-AbbasiEnvironmental-Science 20

10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution

10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution The first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. Those 10 amendments  establish the most basic freedoms for Americans including the rights to worship how they want, speak how they want, and assembly and peaceably protest their government how they want. The amendments have also been subject to much interpretation since their adoption, particularly the right to carry a gun under the Second Amendment. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference, said  Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. History of the First 10 Amendments Before the American Revolution, the original colonies were united under Articles of Confederation, which did not address creation of a central government. In 1787, founders called a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to build a structure for a new government. The resulting Constitution did not address the rights of individuals, which became a source of contention during the documents ratification. The first 10 amendments were predated by the Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by  King John  to protect citizens against abuse of power by the King or Queen. Likewise, the authors, led by James Madison,  sought to limit the role of the central government. Virginias Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason immediately after independence in 1776, served as a model for other state bills of rights as well as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. Once drafted, the Bill of Rights was quickly ratified by the states. It only took six months for nine states to say yes - two short of the total needed. In December 1791, Virginia was the 11th state to ratify the first 10 amendments, making them part of the Constitution. Two other amendments failed ratification. List of the First 10 Amendments Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. What it means: The First Amendment is, to many Americans, the most sacred of the first 10 amendments because it protects them from persecution over their religious beliefs and government sanctions against the expression of opinions, even those that are unpopular. The First Amendment also prevents the government from interfering with journalists responsibility to serve as watchdogs. Amendment 2: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. What it means:  The Second Amendment is one of the most cherished, and divisive, clauses in the Constitution. Advocates for the right of American to carry guns believe the Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms. Those who argue the United States should do more to regulate guns point to the phrase well regulated. Gun-control opponents say the Second Amendment merely allows states to maintain militia organizations such as the National Guard. Amendment 3: No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. What it means: This is one of the simplest and clearest amendments. It forbids the government from forcing private-property owners to house members of the military. Amendment 4: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What it means: The Fourth Amendment protects the privacy of Americans by prohibiting the search and seizure of property without cause. Its reach is indescribably broad: every one of the millions of arrests made annually is a Fourth Amendment event. So too is every search of every person or private area by a public official, whether a police officer, schoolteacher, probation officer, airport security agent, or corner crossing guard, writes the Heritage Foundation. Amendment 5: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. What it means: The most common use of the Fifth Amendment is the right to avoid incriminating oneself by refusing to answer questions at a criminal trial. The amendment also guarantees Americans due process. Amendment 6: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. What it means: While this amendment seems clear, the Constitution doesnt actually define what a speedy trial is. It does, however, guarantee those accused of crimes a decision on guilt or innocence made by their peers in a public setting. That is an important distinction. Criminal trials in the United States take place in full public view, not behind closed doors, so they are fair and impartial and subject to judgement and scrutiny by others. Amendment 7: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. What it means: Even if certain crimes rise to the level of being prosecuted at the federal level, and not the state or local, defendants are still guaranteed a trial before a jury of their peers. Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What it means: This amendment protects those convicted of crimes from excessive jail time and capital punishment. Amendment 9: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. What it means: This provision was meant as a guarantee that Americans hold rights outside of just those specified in the first 10 amendments. Because it was impossible to enumerate all the rights of the people, a bill of rights might actually be construed to justify the government’s power to limit any liberties of the people that were not enumerated, states the Constitution Center. Thus the clarification that many other rights exist outside of the Bill of Rights.   Amendment 10: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. What it means: States are guaranteed any power not delegated to the U.S. government. Another way of explaining it:  the federal  government holds only those powers delegated to it in the Constitution.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Essay Example There are various reasons, which lead to the effective marketing of certain brands than others in the same market. This paper looks at the reasons, which make certain companies such as Unilever, and Good Foods brands gain market dominance quickly than other brands such as Nike and Adidas. One main reason why companies gain market dominance quickly than other brands is the capital invested in the company. This is because these companies have enough capital obtainable to pay for set-up costs and any preliminary losses. These companies’ gains these funds from two main sources. This are from other departments of the company, such as Unilever getting the finance to fund its tea processing from the soap-manufacturing department, or in the other countries where the company has invested, such as a Unilever brand operating in the US borrowing money from a Unilever brand operating in UK. The first strategy of borrowing from a different department is known as diversification process and is usually associated with big companies. The second strategy is known as globalization of markets which results from pressures from competing companies in the same market. ... een in history whereby the legislature enact laws which is a political strategy to develop the national economies that has provided critical protection and support to by creating barriers of entry into the market. Examples of political strategies used are the formation of many licenses, which a company has to fulfill in order to be allowed to operate in a given country. Moreover, some countries create barriers of entry in increasing the tax payable to the government by a foreign company. For instance, in Kenya, a company has to pay a tax of 30% of its total earnings in order to be allowed to operate in that country (Creamer & Neil, 2008, p.8). Furthermore, these companies benefit from excess demands, which surpass their supply. Unilever Company and Good Foods Companies deal with highly perishable goods and which are necessities. These goods enable the company to have regular demand since, for people to live they have to have the necessity as compared to the luxury goods produced by N ike and Adidas. The regular demand enables the company to have a high profit level allowing them to expand. Consequently, this company uses this profit to form a good base by investing in newer markets and developing brands, which will in turn make profit for them (Creamer, 2008, p.5). To buy a product from Nike and Adidas companies, a customer has to spend a lot of money as compared to buying a product from other sporting brands such as Puma and Umbro. By raising their products prices, these companies’ makes mistakes by becoming complacent thus allowing other big firms to develop and therefore undermine their position in the market. In addition, they allow other smaller companies such as Legea, to expand and therefore increase the competition (Hall & Mark, 2000, p.5). Besides, companies

Philip Johnson's Glass House Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philip Johnson's Glass House - Research Paper Example The Glass House, his most unique, acclaimed and popular creation, constructed in the year 1949, is still considered as an architectural marvel of all times. It can be perceived as the trend setter for architectural constructions in steel and glass. Outdoor and Interior Appearances and Its Relationship with Natural Environment: The Glass House, set on a luxuriant landscape, illustrates style over substance and rather than a habitat it serves the purpose of a lifestyle component, apart from reflecting Johnson’s philosophy of architecture being â€Å"expressive of and compatible with modernity’s machine processes.†5 The exterior of the construction exists in a serene and peaceful ambience of natural elements. It is mostly done in glass and charcoal colored steel with a brick floor that stands about 10 inches from ground level. The lawn is an exquisite green with lush green growth of grass, and the entire structure is again set against the greenery of trees and shrub s. From a distance when one looks at the Glass House, it gives an impression of open space as the transparent glass walls allow an unobstructed view of the other side, the repetition of a lush green abundance. The main focus of the interior is the flow of natural daylight, which the transparent glass structure permits in rich abundance and it sort of blurs its boundaries with the exterior. The interior comprises mainly open spaces, with cabinets made in walnut wood. Brick has been used on in the construction of a cylindrical structure that accommodates a bathroom on one side and a fireplace on the other. The interior of Glass House can further be perceived as the manipulation of the systems of domestic occupation especially in the context of large areas indirect illumination and glazing and Johnson has on several occasions admitted that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe â€Å"served as a prime†¦source† for his design of the Glass House.6 Moreover, Johnson has considered Mies, who had â€Å"employed similar forms† in his design of the Farnsworth House, as a mentor. The influence of Mies also reflect in the furnishings of the interior, the designs of which have apparently emulates his style. As can be evidenced from the above image, the interior is sparsely but elegantly done with a barely minimum furnishing that matches the sleekness of the glasswork. It is also relevant that both the components of the exterior and the interior are selected and placed in such a deft manner as to complement one another and enhance the aesthetic appeal of each. Style and Materials: The construction style of the Glass House is â€Å"so spare in form† that it provides little clue to the â€Å"variety of ideas† or the hard work that has gone behind its conceptualization and execution.7 Its plan necessitated drawing up of 79 â€Å"schemes and variations† that Philip has devised with 27 â€Å"clearly distinguishable approaches†

Women’s Roles during WW1 Essay Example for Free

Women’s Roles during WW1 Essay World War 1 was a pivotal event that affected Canada in many ways. Not only for the men that fought for their country, but also for the thousands of women that contributed behind the soldiers of the front lines. It was a heavy change for them; going from dependant housewife to being employed at some of the largest industries and factories. World War 1 was centered on Europe and began in the summer of 1914 (Wikipedia). That summer changed the lives of many families in Europe, and all over the world. Men were forced to leave their homes and families behind and fight for their countries. In result of the men’s absence, women had the opportunity to take the available jobs. It was a major step in the history of women, since they were confined to their homes and specific jobs called â€Å"women’s work† before World War 1 took place. Women started to gain more freedom and responsibility, but still kept their roles at home. Little did they know that World War 1 would provide them with the opportunity to become successful and independent, and that it would change their lives forever. Women were almost obligated to fill in for the men who were away from home, which was a very big change for women. Men were the providers for their families, and the women were expected to complete the duties at home and specific women’s work. Women’s work consisted of two main trades, textile and clothing. These jobs employed far more women than men. Women rarely left the house, and they were kept very busy by fulfilling the role of mother, wife, and housekeeper. Their main job was to keep their husbands happy, and the house in an orderly fashion.

A Room with a Japanese View :: Haircuts Culture Personal Narrative Papers

A Room with a Japanese View It's the wee hours of Saturday morning in a quiet all female low-rise dorm room at NDSU. Residents are either sleeping soundly or out having a good time some place off campus. But in one dorm room a social gathering is in full swing. I'm not talking about a swing dance either. As I walk down my motel-looking dorm hallway, I hear a male's voice with a sharp and harsh intonation. I pause in front of the door for a second, my curiosity piqued. There is silence for a moment and then I hear the voice again and I realize it's not English, but Japanese. I proceed down the hall, shuffling in my slippers, not wanting to be an eavesdropper. On my return I hear a loud electric razor coming from the same room. Again I pause in front of the wooden door, brightly decorated with two nametags, Yoko and Michelle, made by the creative RAs of our dorm (All names are pseudonyms). What's going on in there, I wonder. I see Yoko weekly at the International Student Association meeting, but only k now that she's from Japan and is here to learn English. I knock at the door, still hearing the razor and voices in the background. The door pops open and I'm greeted by a petite Japanese girl with dyed brown hair. It’s Yoko. She invites me in and I see the pile of different sized shoes near the door. My Hong Kong etiquette that I learned when I lived overseas with my family comes back to me and I promptly take off my shoes. To my left I see Kiyo, a tall Japanese guy with spiky hair, standing behind Watashi, who is quietly sitting down with a black garbage bag covering his upper body. There are garbage bags covering the floor around them and short pieces of black hair decorate the dark plastic. The haircutter and haircutee don’t say much to me. Watashi just says â€Å"hi† when I come in the door and then looks down to prevent getting freshly clipped hair in his brown eyes. Yoko walks towards them and checks out the progress. Cutting hair in the dorms is something one doesn’t see often. I don’t think most guys cut their hair in the dorms like this.

Emotional Intelligence Essay

The purpose of this paper is to describe the differences between traditional cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence. It will also address the use of emotional intelligence concepts in the work life, home life, and personal life. There are many possible definitions of emotional intelligence. In accordance with an article titled â€Å"Theory, Findings, and Implications† written by Mayer, Salovey, and Caurso in 2004, described emotional intelligence as, â€Å"the capacity to reason about emotions, and of emotions to enhance thinking. It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth.† Cognitive Intelligence is the intellectual abilities such as logic, reason, reading, writing, analyzing and prioritizing. These abilities are abilities that is in your head which us es the neocortez, not the emotional part of your brain. Emotional Intelligence is expanded into five main domains which expands it definition for a clearer understanding. The first is knowing one’s emotion, which describes self-awareness of recognizing a feeling as it happens. It is the keystone of emotional intelligence. Having the abilities to monitor your feelings from one minute to the next is crucial to your psychological insights of understanding yourself. The second is managing your emotions, which is self management. This means handing feelings so they are appropriate in an ability that builds on your self-awareness. The third is motivating yourself, which is control yourself in the face of adversity and continue toward attaining your personal goals. The fourth is recognizing emotions in other people around you. Showing empathy for others makes people appreciate that their feelings are recognized and respected. The fifth and final domain is handling relationships. This demonstrates social skills. How well you can handle relationships with your workers, which you use to influences them in accomplishing the organization’s mission. Prior to  taking this course, I did not realize how vital the emotional intelligence concept has in our work life, home life, and personal life. As a leader you are charged with leading people to accomplish the organization’s goal. In the military, the definition of leadership is the art of influencing soldiers to accomplish the mission by providing, purpose direction, and motivation. We discuss intrapersonal and interpersonal skills but never to point to call it emotional intelligence. Soldiers join the military from all walks of life. As a leader you must adapt to the differences in everyone’s culture. You job is mesh these people together gel as one cohesive unit in peacetime and wartime. If you do not possess the five concepts as mentioned above the road to accomplishment can be devastation to not only the military, but to our country national security. Emotional Intelligence in your home life calls for a lot of managing your emotions and empathy. Sharing life with a partner is not an easy feat. You are thinking for yourself anymore like you once did. When you add children to the equation then life as you know is never the same. You are basically do the same a home that you are doing at work, trying to accomplish a goal. In this case, it more personal but the path your family takes depends on your ability to lead them by managing your emotion being empathy to your family when they do not meet the expectation you have for them. Emotional Intelligence in your personal life has a tremendous affect on whether you lead a happy life or whether you are always fighting with someone about one thing or another. Daniel Goleman described an instant in his tenth anniversary edition book on Emotional Intelligence about how important emotional intelligence is to selecting a partner to marriage. The fifth domain is important to handling relationship. Most relationship suffer because two people not understanding each other. You must recognize what a person tick in order adjust you emotion for harmony. During this paper, a description of the difference between traditional cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence was explained. The five main domains which expands the definition for a clear understanding was listed. The emotional intelligence concepts in work life, home life, and personal life was analyzed to explain how the domains are intertwined in every aspects of your life. Reference Coleman, D. (2005). Emotional Intelligence: Why it Can Matter More Than IQ (10th ed.). New York, NY: Bantam Dell.

Polaroid Case Study

BACKDROP Polaroid is manufacturer of photographic equipment, accessories and related items used in instant photography. The organization was divided into two main divisions – The Consumer Photography Division and the Technical and Industrial Division with each of these divisions contributing around 40% of Polaroid’s revenues of $ 1. 3 billion in 1984. The company produced two main types of films: 1. The peel apart film which required the user to physically pull the film out of the camera and, 2. The integral film, which came out of the camera automatically. The integral films were manufactured in the R2 building at the Waltham Massachusetts site. The operations at R2 included production of sheet metal springs, pods, plastic cartridges and plastic end caps and then assembled these into film cartridges. R2 ran three shifts, five days a week, employing approximately 900 workers out of which 700 were part time. QUALITY AND PROCESS CONTROL PROCEDURES AT R2 All films were vetted by the Quality Control Department before being released into the market. The QC procedure included sampling of 15 finished cartridges (each containing 10 frames) out of every lot of 5000 cartridges. If the sampled cartridges contained defects in excess of allowable limits, the lot was held and further testing was done. Additional testing usually led to reworking, or rejection of a portion or all of the lot. Subsequent lots were the subjected to even more rigorous testing by increasing the sample size tested. Quality checks were not the sole responsibility of the QC department. The operators usually sampled around 32 samples out of every lot. If the measurements went against the knowledge of the operator, the sample was rejected. After process control was initiated in R2 in the late 1970’s, process engineering technicians were made responsible for gathering data and making rough analyses. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING QUALITY CONTROL Since the testing of cartridges was destructive, it resulted in sampled scrap. This, along with the product that failed acceptance sampling resulted in $3. 28 million in 1984. Another issue was that sampling did nothing to improve quality, it only improved the AOQ. In fact, due to the large production and low defect rates, if the production and quality control sampling were halved, the outgoing defectives would be 0. 3% of production. On the other hand, increasing the AOQ further would lead to prohibitively high costs due to increased sampling. The sampling process employed was also inaccurate. Time was spent on trying to reduce beta or consumer risk. Cartridges which were inspected and passed were sent back to production to be repackaged. But the handling of these cartridges its elf increased the chances of their developing defects which resulted in a vicious cycle of tests and retests and did not contribute to improving quality significantly while increasing costs considerably. To avoid losing production, operators often ‘salted’ boxes. Operators did not record frequently collected data and if they were in doubt, they would pass the component on to the QC Department believing that they would be able to detect the defect and reject the component if the defect was serious enough. â€Å"Tweaking† machines was an accepted practice in the plant. The objective of the exercise was to enable machines running and different speeds and variations to produce at their maximum capacity. The QC department did not focus on defects that were normally detected by consumers. For example, the most stringent auditors tested for excess reagent by flipping the film over right after exposing it, a defect that would not be noticed by a consumer. These stringent auditors averaged about 10% defectives. The conditions under which the tests were simulated were also out of sync with current market realities. External customers often used cameras which did not function precisely to specification, whereas the QC Department used ‘perfect’ cameras to test the film. This precluded the possibility of finding defects which would occur with imprecisely functioning cameras. GREENLIGHT The project objective was quality monitoring costs reduction while at the same time improving the quality of the product. The improvements in quality control processes were focused along with reducing the number of samples. The plan consisted of three distinct elements: 1. Statistical process control would be adapted as processes in control and capable of producing within specifications would produce more consistent quality. 2. Production operators would be given the process control tools that the process engineering technicians had been using and in conjunction with sampling would be expected to make disposition decisions themselves. 3. Quality control auditors would concentrate on training operators and operationalizing specifications on their new products. The statistical process control system involving both acceptance sampling and automated process control was to be implemented. SPC involved testing for productions within a pre-specified range. If the production went beyond the range, the production process had to be shut down maintenance was to be called to perform maintenance and recalibration. As a part of the process, the operators were to take six random measurements of a process characteristic during the course of their shift and then plot the mean measured value. This led to a drastic reduction in the number of samples tested and consequently the scrapping costs. The central problem in this project was the estimation of the central level and the control limits. Initially, the Quality Control auditors helped the operators in plotting the ranges and the operators’ protocol was to immediately shut down the machines and call for help whenever, the characteristic crossed the specified range. Moreover, eight consecutive mean values lying into the upper or lower zones near the control limits, or consistently upward trends were to be investigated by maintenance as well. The idea behind the project was to cut down the defect and testing losses. However, the idea backfired when the average defects detection by auditors shot up to 10% from 1% while at the operator level, it halved to about 0. 5%. Another problem was the lack of trust between the auditors and the operators. Standardized maintenance procedures also met with a lot of resistance as they were seen as making the whole maintenance process impersonalized and bureaucratic. The operators believed that they could obtain better results by ‘tweaking’ the machines. At the same time, operators refused to come out of the â€Å"maximize output† mindset and kept adjusting the machines for increased output. Also, the operators were sampling and testing more units than they were recording and adjusted the machines on the basis of the unrecorded defects. The nature of defects also changed. The variability in the kinds of defects detected increased, as the defects recorded by the auditors were markedly different from the defects recorded by the operators. ANALYSIS The purpose of inspection is to determine the level to which the product manufactured conforms to the specifications. Control charts and run tests are used for process control with the objective being to identify the causes of assignable variation, and to leave the system alone if the variation is random and the process is under control. The data given in exhibit 5 was used to calculate the means and ranges of the variables (pod weight and finger height) and the control limits for them were calculated. These have been plotted on control charts. Pod Weight  · Both the X bar and the R chart show that the process is in control, and that the process is capable. The variation present is random variation. Although the X bar chart shows that the process is in control, the last four readings may indicate a trend if further values move towards the lower control limit. Also, between the 16th and 28th readings, there are making of trends.  · The R chart shows that though the values of R lie within the control limits the range variation is high. Also, the behaviour of the readings is erratic which is a reas on for investigation. Finger Length  · The X bar graph shows that the process is out of control very often, signifying that an assignable cause of variation may be present. The values in the R chart are within the control limits. Thus, although the process mean is out of control, the process variability is in control. Other Analysis  · The random sample of defects from Exhibit 4 is tabulated below. Operator Defects Auditor Defects Excess Reagent 4 11 Excess Flash on box 2 2 Negative sheet defect 3 2 Positive sheet defect 3 3 Double feed 3 3 Frame feed failure 2 9 Damaged spring 3 3 Malformed box 1 3 Insufficient reagent 1 4 Misalignment 1 3 Marginal lamination 1 2 Dirt from assembly 0 5 After Greenlight was initiated, the number of defects reported by operators has halved from 1% to 0. % while those reported by auditors has increased from 1% to 10%. This may be due to the fact that the operators are not recording all the defective samples which they are using to adjust their mac hines. Also, since the auditors feel that asking the operators to be incharge of the quality is like handing over the henhouse to the foxes, most of them may have shifted to stringent checking of the cartridges which would explain the jump from 1% rejects to 10% rejects, which was the level of rejects which only the stringent auditors had earlier. There is some evidence for both the above points. The tweaking of the machines by the operators may explain why so many readings are out of the control limits, though the machine should have undergone maintenance and calibration as soon as the first reading was outside the control limits, which explains why the auditors are finding many more rejects due to the feed than the operators. Also, the auditors are finding more rejects due to the reagent, although the process is under control. This may be due to stringent checking. Another indication of stringent checking is that cartridges are being rejected due to their having dirt which has been attributed to assembly. RECOMMENDATIONS Control measures need to be incorporated at the injection molding machines in order to minimize defect rates, and defects need to be prioritized, to help in setting control limits and the ratings on the quality of products.  · The operators need to realize that the process downstream is the customer, and they need to shutdown the machine for maintenance a s soon as the process goes out of control rather than waiting for the machine to start producing defective pieces.  · Polaroid can carry out a market research exercise on consumers, to determine which attributes need compliance from the customer’s point of view. It will also need to establish the technical specification limits for various components. These will need to build into a 6-sigma process to increase quality by improving the processes and reduce variation in outputs.  · The people, especially the top management, need to be convinced about the effectiveness of process control, which doesn’t have any problem with the quality apart from above observations.  · Proper documentation of all the procedures and processes should be assured, in order to keep people focused on quality once defect rates drop significantly below 1%. This documentation should be accessible to all concerned people and they should be instructed unambiguously to adhere to the norms.  · Automated methods for data collection need to be adopted, like the ones mentioned in the case, since the operators have proved to be unreliable. The investment is not large enough to make a serious dent in the company’s bottom line, and should be considered.  · A better and more comprehensive training model needs to be introduced to train the workers and supervisors in basic statistics and the application to process control The high-volume driven mindset of the people needs to be changed, and an atmosphere needs to be built which engenders mutual trust between operators and auditors. Appendix Sample Statistical Process Control Measurements Pod Weight (grams) Sample Number Day Shift 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean Range 3-Aug A 2. 800 2. 799 2. 760 2. 802 2. 805 2. 803 2. 795 0. 045 B 2. 750 2. 820 2. 850 2. 740 2. 850 2. 790 2. 800 0. 110 C 2. 768 2. 807 2. 807 2. 804 2. 804 2. 803 2. 799 0. 039 4-Aug A 2. 841 2. 802 2. 802 2. 806 2. 807 2. 807 2. 811 0. 039 B 2. 801 2. 770 2. 833 2. 770 2. 840 2. 741 2. 93 0. 099 C 2. 778 2. 807 2. 804 2. 804 2. 803 2. 804 2. 800 0. 029 5-Aug A 2. 760 2. 804 2. 804 2. 806 2. 805 2. 806 2. 798 0. 046 B 2. 829 2. 804 2. 805 2. 806 2. 807 2. 807 2. 810 0. 025 C 2. 741 2. 850 2. 744 2. 766 2. 767 2. 808 2. 779 0. 109 6-Aug A 2. 814 2. 804 2. 803 2. 805 2. 807 2. 804 2. 806 0. 011 B 2. 787 2. 802 2. 805 2. 804 2. 805 2. 804 2. 801 0. 018 C 2. 766 2. 805 2. 804 2. 802 2. 804 2. 806 2. 798 0. 040 7-Aug A 2. 774 2. 801 2. 805 2. 805 2. 805 2. 804 2. 799 0. 031 B 2. 770 2. 801 2. 833 2. 770 2. 840 2. 741 2. 793 0. 099 C 2. 832 2. 836 2. 794 2. 843 2. 13 2. 743 2. 810 0. 100 10-Aug A 2. 829 2. 846 2. 760 2. 854 2. 817 2. 805 2. 819 0. 094 B 2. 850 2. 804 2. 805 2. 806 2. 807 2. 807 2. 813 0. 046 C 2. 803 2. 803 2. 773 2. 837 2. 808 2. 808 2. 805 0. 064 11-Aug A 2. 815 2. 804 2. 803 2. 804 2. 803 2. 802 2. 80 5 0. 013 B 2. 782 2. 806 2. 806 2. 804 2. 803 2. 802 2. 801 0. 024 C 2. 779 2. 807 2. 808 2. 803 2. 803 2. 803 2. 801 0. 029 12-Aug A 2. 815 2. 815 2. 803 2. 864 2. 834 2. 803 2. 822 0. 061 B 2. 846 2. 854 2. 760 2. 829 2. 817 2. 805 2. 819 0. 094 C 2. 767 2. 804 2. 834 2. 803 2. 803 2. 803 2. 802 0. 067 13-Aug A 2. 850 2. 04 2. 804 2. 804 2. 804 2. 804 2. 812 0. 046 B 2. 810 2. 820 2. 814 2. 794 2. 798 2. 787 2. 804 0. 033 C 2. 850 2. 820 2. 750 2. 740 2. 850 2. 790 2. 800 0. 110 14-Aug A 2. 750 2. 765 2. 850 2. 760 2. 790 2. 840 2. 793 0. 100 B 2. 830 2. 770 2. 848 2. 760 2. 750 2. 830 2. 798 0. 098 C 2. 740 2. 770 2. 833 2. 770 2. 840 2. 800 2. 792 0. 100 17-Aug A 2. 753 2. 807 2. 805 2. 804 2. 802 2. 804 2. 796 0. 054 B 2. 851 2. 751 2. 752 2. 773 2. 849 2. 806 2. 797 0. 100 C 2. 845 2. 804 2. 803 2. 806 2. 805 2. 806 2. 812 0. 042 18-Aug A 2. 844 2. 777 2. 754 2. 791 2. 833 2. 811 2. 802 0. 90 B 2. 806 2. 839 2. 805 2. 804 2. 850 2. 740 2. 807 0. 110 C 2. 849 2. 801 2. 804 2. 7 62 2. 814 2. 791 2. 804 0. 087 19-Aug A 2. 820 2. 793 2. 812 2. 833 2. 853 2. 812 2. 821 0. 060 B 2. 790 2. 780 2. 764 2. 843 2. 843 2. 818 2. 806 0. 079 C 2. 850 2. 806 2. 805 2. 814 2. 807 2. 807 2. 815 0. 045 20-Aug A 2. 767 2. 831 2. 808 2. 793 2. 836 2. 811 2. 808 0. 069 B 2. 833 2. 825 2. 793 2. 813 2. 823 2. 766 2. 809 0. 067 C 2. 824 2. 799 2. 790 2. 764 2. 817 2. 805 2. 800 0. 060 21-Aug A 2. 778 2. 775 2. 799 2. 805 2. 833 2. 772 2. 794 0. 061 B 2. 801 2. 832 2. 758 2. 759 2. 773 2. 14 2. 790 0. 074 C 2. 770 2. 787 2. 744 2. 766 2. 807 2. 803 2. 780 0. 063 Average 2. 8025 0. 0640 UCL for mean = 2. 8332 UCL for Range = 0. 1280 LCL for mean = 2. 7718 LCL for Range = 0. 0000 Sample Statistical Process Control Measurements Finger Height (mm) Sample Number Day Shift 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean Range 3-Aug A 1. 90 1. 95 1. 94 2. 00 2. 05 2. 16 2. 00 0. 26 B 2. 15 2. 17 2. 11 2. 13 2. 02 2. 03 2. 10 0. 15 C 1. 73 1. 90 2. 07 1. 89 1. 76 1. 88 1. 87 0. 34 4-Aug A 2. 30 2. 41 2. 54 2. 37 2. 3 2 2. 16 2. 35 0. 38 B 2. 28 2. 16 2. 19 2. 08 2. 25 2. 24 2. 20 0. 20 C 1. 92 2. 24 2. 1 1. 89 1. 88 2. 17 2. 04 0. 36 5-Aug A 2. 39 2. 28 2. 10 2. 36 2. 54 2. 25 2. 32 0. 44 B 2. 11 2. 21 2. 24 2. 21 2. 17 2. 24 2. 20 0. 13 C 1. 89 1. 90 1. 73 2. 07 1. 89 1. 76 1. 87 0. 34 6-Aug A 2. 51 2. 25 2. 08 2. 35 2. 29 2. 32 2. 30 0. 43 B 2. 22 2. 19 2. 22 2. 24 2. 01 2. 23 2. 19 0. 23 C 1. 89 1. 90 1. 78 2. 07 1. 89 1. 76 1. 88 0. 31 7-Aug A 1. 95 2. 07 2. 25 1. 95 2. 11 2. 16 2. 08 0. 30 B 2. 08 2. 03 2. 27 2. 23 2. 24 2. 13 2. 16 0. 24 C 2. 31 1. 90 1. 86 1. 91 1. 89 1. 87 1. 96 0. 45 10-Aug A 2. 23 2. 25 2. 21 1. 89 2. 15 2. 11 2. 14 0. 36 B 2. 23 2. 21 2. 05 2. 19 2. 7 2. 16 2. 15 0. 18 C 1. 73 2. 00 1. 79 1. 75 1. 84 1. 74 1. 81 0. 27 11-Aug A 2. 21 2. 11 2. 21 2. 44 2. 17 2. 30 2. 24 0. 33 B 2. 17 2. 19 2. 15 2. 04 2. 07 2. 22 2. 14 0. 18 C 2. 01 1. 90 1. 90 1. 81 2. 06 1. 89 1. 93 0. 25 12-Aug A 2. 08 2. 19 2. 28 2. 29 2. 21 2. 45 2. 25 0. 37 B 1. 93 2. 09 1. 90 1. 95 2. 04 2. 09 2. 00 0. 19 C 1. 84 2. 12 1. 90 1. 89 2. 01 1. 75 1. 92 0. 37 13-Aug A 2. 23 2. 01 2. 25 2. 11 2. 39 2. 15 2. 19 0. 38 B 2. 19 2. 22 2. 18 2. 15 2. 23 2. 04 2. 17 0. 19 C 1. 96 2. 05 2. 16 1. 87 2. 13 1. 90 2. 01 0. 29 14-Aug A 2. 27 2. 00 2. 06 1. 97 2. 13 2. 05